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Reading Practice Passage: Extinction of the Dinosaurs
Directions: Read the passage. Give yourself 18 minutes to complete this practice set. (ETS)
Passage
Paleontologists have long argued that the demise of the dinosaurs was due to climate changes tied to the slow movement of continents and seas via plate tectonics. During the Cretaceous—the last period of the Mesozoic when dinosaurs thrived—large shallow seas periodically covered vast continental areas. Geochemical evidence from seafloor sediments suggests that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than today’s: neither too hot nor too cold, with moderate seasonal variation. (ETS)
At the end of the Cretaceous, the geologic record shows that these inland seas receded back into the ocean basins. For roughly 100,000 years during this retreat, global climates became radically more variable: hotter days, colder nights; scorching summers, freezing winters. Some speculate dinosaurs couldn't cope with such extremes and thus perished. (ETS)
However, critics question why other cold-blooded animals—like snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles—survived these extreme temperature swings, given their dependence on external heat sources. If dinosaurs were warm-blooded, that could explain their susceptibility, but the climate explanation seems incomplete, especially since similar sea level shifts occurred earlier in the Mesozoic without causing mass extinction. (ETS)
Sample Questions
Purpose — What is the primary purpose of paragraph 2
(A) To describe how climate became unstable at the end of the Cretaceous
(B) To argue that dinosaurs were warm-blooded
(C) To explain sea level changes during the Mesozoic
(D) To compare dinosaur extinction theories
Detail — According to paragraph 1, what was notable about the Late Cretaceous climate
(A) It was more extreme than today’s climate.
(B) It was milder than today’s climate.
(C) It experienced rapid seasonal changes.
(D) It was colder at night and warmer during the day.
Inference — It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the author believes:
(A) Cold-blooded animals were more adaptable to climate extremes than dinosaurs.
(B) Climate change was the sole factor in dinosaur extinction.
(C) Plate tectonics did not influence Cretaceous sea levels.
(D) Geochemical evidence is unreliable.
Detail — Which of the following does paragraph 3 mention survived after the Cretaceous
(A) Dinosaurs
(B) Mammals
(C) Snakes and turtles
(D) Birds and mammals
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