دانلود پاسخنامه زبان انگلیسی عمومی آزمون دکتری رشته انسانی 1402
به محض انتشار در سایت سنجش، در وبلاگ قرار می گیرد.
دانلود صوت Passage 2 آزمون عمومی زبان انگلیسی آزمون دکتری رشته انسانی 1402
بعد از برگزاری آزمون دکتری در تاریخ 11 اسفند 1401 در وبلاگ قرار داده خواهد شد.
دانلود صوت Passage 1 آزمون عمومی زبان انگلیسی آزمون دکتری رشته انسانی 1402
بعد از برگزاری آزمون دکتری در تاریخ 11 اسفند 1401 در وبلاگ قرار داده خواهد شد.
دانلود سوالات زبان انگلیسی عمومی آزمون دکتری رشته انسانی 1402
دانلود فایل صوتی ریدینگ دوم زبان عمومی (زبان انگلیسی) آزمون دکتری رشته انسانی سال 1398
The basic scenic background in the Roman theatre was the scaenae frons. In comedy, this façade was treated as a series of houses opening onto a city street represented by the stage. In tragedy, the façade normally represented a palace or temple. Although some plays are set in the country or other open places devoid of buildings, there was probably little attempt to change the visual appearance of the stage from one play to another. As the Prologue of The Menaechmi says: “This city is Epidamnus during the performance of this play; when another play is performed it will become another city.” The audience probably depended primarily upon the dramatists’ words to locate the action. Richard Beacham has argued that several surviving wall paintings from Pompeii and elsewhere depict the stages of temporary theatres, each of which could differ in appearance
There are, notwithstanding, a number of problems relating to the scenic background. One concerns the amount and kind of three-dimensional detail required by the plays of Plautus and Terence, some scholars arguing that there must have been porticos, alcoves, or other similar architectural features, with others maintaining that all details were painted. The question has arisen largely because of the many scenes in comedies involving eavesdropping or scenes in which one character is not supposed to see others who were on satge at the same time. One group of historians has insisted that three-dimensional structures would have been necessary to stage the scenes convincingly, while another insists that the conventions of the Roman stage permitted characters to see each other or not as the dramatic situation dictated
Closely connected with this problem is another involving interiors. Since a few scenes in the comedies depicted banquets or other actions that would ordinarily occur indoors, some scholars have argued that such scenes were staged in porches or vestibules in front of doors, to give a more convincing sense of an interior. Others have insisted that none of these scenes occurred indoors, and that it is only the influence of modern realism that has led historians to such conjectures. Neither of these arguments can be proven, although it seems likely that convention was stronger than realism in the time of Plautus and Terence
دانلود فایل صوتی ریدینگ اول زبان عمومی (زبان انگلیسی) آزمون دکتری رشته انسانی سال 1398
A common phenomenon in arid regions of the world is the whirling vortex called the "dust devil." Although they resemble tornadoes, dust devils are generally much smaller and less intense than their more destructive cousins. Most dust devils are only a few meters in diameter and reach heights no greater than about 100 meters. Further, these whirlwinds are usually short-lived microscale phenomena: most form and die out within minutes. Unlike tornadoes, which are associated with clouds, dust devils form on days when clear skies prevail. Further, these whirlwinds form from the ground upward, exactly the opposite of tornadoes. Because surface heating is critical to their formation, dust devils occur most frequently in the afternoon, when surface temperatures are highest
Dust devils form when the hot surface of the earth warms the air above it. When the air near the Surface considerably warmer than the air a few tens of meters overhead, the layer of air near Earth's surface becomes unstable. In this situation, warm surface air begins to rise, causing air near the ground to be drawn into the developing whirlwind. A light wind will start this rising air to rotate, and once the rotation has begun, it becomes faster due to the same physical principle that causes ice-skaters to spin faster as they pull their arms closer to their body. As the inwardly spiraling air rises, it carries sand, dust, and other loose debris tens of meters into the air. It is this material that makes a dust devil visible
Occasionally, dust devils form above ground covered with vegetation. Under these conditions, the vortices may go undetected unless they interact with objects at the surface
Duration: 2 Minutes
Size: 2 Meg
دانلود فایل صوتی ریدینگ دوم زبان عمومی (زبان انگلیسی) آزمون دکتری رشته انسانی سال 1399
Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the picture-making rules of academic painting. They began by giving colors, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still lifes and portraits but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting en plein air. They used short, "broken" brush strokes of pure and unmixed colour, not smoothly blended as was the custom at the time. For example, instead of physically mixing yellow and blue paint, they placed unmixed yellow paint on the canvas next to unmixed blue paint, thus mixing the colors through our perception of them: creating the "impression" of green. Painting realistic scenes of modern life, they emphasized vivid overall effects rather than details
Although the rise of Impressionism in France happened at a time when a number of other painters, including the Italian artists known as the Macchiaioli, and Winslow Homer in the United States, were also exploring plein-air painting, the Impressionists developed new techniques that were specific to the movement. Encompassing what its adherents argued was a different way of seeing, it was an art of immediacy and movement, of candid poses and compositions, of the play of light expressed in a bright and varied use of colour
The public, at first hostile, gradually came to believe that the Impressionists had captured a fresh and original vision, even if it did not meet with approval of the artistic establishment. By recreating the sensation in the eye that views the subject, rather than recreating the subject, and by creating a welter of techniques and forms, Impressionism became seminal to various movements in painting which would follow, including Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, and Cubism
Duration: 3 Minutes
Size: 2 Meg
منبع سؤال:
https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/i/Impressionism.htm
دانلود فایل صوتی ریدینگ اول زبان عمومی (زبان انگلیسی) آزمون دکتری رشته انسانی سال 1399
As researchers on aging noted in a position statement this past May, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging--the buildup of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging in humans, too
Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly 30 percent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to go hungry? Could such a caloric-restriction mimetic, as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life
We first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after we came upon a chemical agent that, in rodents, seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction's benefits. Since then, we and others have been searching for a compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people. We have not succeeded yet, but our failures have been informative and have fanned hope that caloric-restriction, or CR, mimetics can indeed be developed eventually
Duration: 2 Minutes, 18 Seconds
Size: 2 Meg
منبعی که ریدینگ از آنجا اخذ شده:
https://courses.missouristate.edu/ChrisBarnhart/bio121/readings/antiaging/Scientific%20American%20The%20Serious%20Search%20for%20an%20Anti-Aging%20Pill.htm
برای مشاهده ی اندازه واقعی تصاویر بالا، روی آنها کلیک کنید
دانلود فایل صوتی ریدینگ دوم زبان عمومی (زبان انگلیسی) آزمون دکتری رشته انسانی سال 1400
Thousands of people died from the heat that baked western Europe in the summer of 2003. The heat wave also devastated the region's agricultural sector: In France, where temperatures were 3.6°C above normal, the country's corn and fruit harvests fell more than 25%. Thirty-one years earlier, another very hot summer shrank harvests in southwest Russia and Ukraine and led to a tripling in world grain prices.
By the end of the century, two researchers predict, those summers may seem like cool ones, and the impact on agriculture will be even greater. In a paper appearing on page 240, atmospheric scientist David Battisti of the University of Washington, Seattle, and economist Rosamond Naylor of Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, apply 23 global climate models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to estimate end-of-century temperatures. Their conclusions with regard to agriculture are sobering. "In the past, heat waves, drought, and food shortages have hit particular regions," says Battisti. But the future will be different: "Yields are going to be down every place." Heat will be the main culprit. "If you look at extreme high temperatures so far observed—basically since agriculture started—the worst summers on record have been mostly because of heat," not drought.
The models predict that by 2090, the average summer temperature in France will be 3.7°C above the 20th century average. Elevated temperatures not only cause excess evaporation but also speed up plant growth with consequent reductions in crop yields, the authors note. Although rising temperatures may initially boost food production in temperate latitudes by prolonging the growing season, Battisti and Naylor say crops will eventually suffer unless growers develop heat-resistant versions that don't need a lot of water. "You have to go back at least several million years before you find … temperatures" comparable to those being predicted,
Duration: 2 Minutes, 34 Seconds
Size: 2 Meg
دانلود فایل صوتی ریدینگ اول زبان عمومی (زبان انگلیسی) آزمون دکتری رشته انسانی سال 1400
The most basic definition of work is ‘energy and effort expended in performance of a task’
Essentially, all jobs and tasks require you to spend energy and effort in some form, be it physical or mental. But even at this crude and simple level, work has an appreciable effect on the brain that can, and probably does, make us happier. Copious evidence shows the more physically active you are, the better your brain works. Makes sense; the brain, a biological organ, needs energy and nutrients (more than other organs). Increased physical activity strengthens and improves the heart, reduces fat and cholesterol, speeds up metabolism, all of which improves the supply of blood and nutrients to the brain, increasing its ability to do … anything, really.
Physical activity seems to have an even more ‘direct’ effect on the brain, by increasing output of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor, BDNF, a protein that stimulates growth and production of new brain cells. This could explain the many reported neurological benefits of physical activity, such as enhancing learning ability and memory, increased hippocampal volume and higher levels of grey matter throughout the brain. Studies also suggest that children who engage in more physical, sporting activity often do better on academic tests
So if our work compels us to engage in physical activity, the positive effects this has on the brain could well make us happier. Boosting our learning and related faculties makes us smarter (arguably), and despite the term ‘blissful ignorance’, evidence suggests that greater intelligence makes you (slightly) happier. Also, physical exercise releases endorphins, which is the ‘happiness chemical’. And, of course, improved general physical health means we have greater capacity to do things that make us happy, as we aren’t held back by poorer health and stress resulting from no exercise
Duration: 3 Minutes
Size: 2 Meg
کلید زبان انگلیسی آزمون دکتری 96 رشته انسانی
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پاسخنامه سوالات زبان انگلیسی عمومی رشته انسانی 96
راهنمای آزمون ارشد و دکتری رشته علوم قرآن و حدیث+مطالب آموزنده قرآنی و حدیثی+علایق شخصی